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''Lactarius deterrimus'', also known as false saffron milkcap or orange milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The fungus produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with orangish caps up to wide that develop green spots in old age or if injured. Its orange-coloured latex stains maroon within 30 minutes. ''Lactarius deterrimus'' is a mycorrhizal fungus that associates with Norway spruce and bearberry. The species is distributed in Europe, but has also found in parts of Asia. A visually similar species in the United States and Mexico is not closely related to the European species. Fruit bodies appear between late June and November, usually in spruce forests. Although the fungus is edible—like all ''Lactarius'' mushrooms from the section ''Deliciosi''—its taste is often bitter, and it is not highly valued. The fruit bodies are used as source of food for the larvae of several insect species. ''Lactarius deterrimus'' can be distinguished from similar ''Lactarius'' species by difference in the mycorrhizal host or latex colour. == Taxonomy and classification == Although the fungus is one of the most common in Central Europe, the species was not validly described until 1968 by German mycologist Frieder Gröger.〔 Before this, ''L. deterrimus'' was regarded as a variety of ''L. deliciosus'' (''L. deliciosus'' var. ''piceus'', described by Miroslav Smotlacha in 1946).〔 After Roger Heim and A. Leclair described ''L. semisanguifluus'' in 1950, this fungus was referred to as the latter.〔〔 ''L. fennoscandicus'' was separated from ''L. deterrimus'' in 1998 by Annemieke T. Verbeken and Jan Vesterholt and was classified as a separate species.〔 The epithet of ''deterrimus'' is Latin, and was chosen by Gröger to highlight the poor gustatory properties of the mushroom, such as the bitter aftertaste and often heavy maggot infestations. The superlative of "dēterior" (meaning less good)〔 means "the worst, the poorest".〔 The mushroom is commonly known as the "false saffron milkcap".〔 Several molecular phylogenetic analyses show that ''L. deterrimus'', ''L. sanguifluus'', ''Lactarius vinosus'' and ''L. fennoscandicus'' form a group of related species, which might include the North American species ''L. paradoxus'' and ''L. miniatosporus''. Although ''L. deliciosus'' var. ''deterrimus'' qualifies as synonym for ''L. deterrimus'', the families, which had been characterized in North America as ''Lactarius deliciosus'' var. ''deterrimus'', are not closely related with the European types. They also seem not to form a monophyletic group.〔 ''Lactarius deterrimus'' belongs to the section ''Deliciosi'' of the genus ''Lactarius''. According to molecular phylogenetics studies,〔 this section forms a definite phylogenetic group within the milk cap relatives. ''Deliciosi'' species mainly have an orange or reddish-coloured latex and taste mild to slightly bitter. They are strict mycorrhizal associates of conifers. The next closest relative of ''L. deterrimus'' is ''L. fennoscandicus''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lactarius deterrimus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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